The Role of the Financial Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Role of the Financial Manager - Essay Example In this way it is basic that the CEO realizes how to oversee venture and ensure the enthusiasm of investors. He should have the option to deliberately prepare and settle on approaches and exercises that would increment working salary and stockholder’s value. Clearly, the best possibility to the CEO post ought to be the CFO. Augmenting riches isn't something that is new to a CEO who has been dealing with the funds of the association. The essential job of the CFO in the firm is to design methodologies and seek after exercises that will improve the absolute estimation of the firm. In best association, CFOs fundamentally work next to each other with the CEO in vital arranging and dynamic. He has created amazing relational abilities as he present the current money related state of the firm to various partners, has been firmly arranged with the company’s item and activities, has been reliably working in accordance with the company’s vision, and has had the option to cr eate administrative aptitudes. Anyway this doesn't totally infer that all CFO’s make fruitful CEO’s. The absolute character of the CFO, his business intuition, the amount and nature of his past encounters, and his proceeding with energy for the association joined, make for a superior CEO. D.

career paper ( preschool teacher) -- essays research papers

History      Preschool is something significant for little children. Preschools were set up in Europe around the late 1800’s. They were later acquainted with the United States in the 1920’s. As per the Encyclopedia of professions and professional direction ninth version â€Å"preschools extended quickly in the US during the 1960’s†. Expected set of responsibilities      Preschool educators as a rule teach kids typically until they arrive at the age of five. They lead exercises intended to create social, physical, and scholarly abilities required for elementary school. During a meeting I was told numerous things regarding the matter. â€Å"You need a great deal of patience† said Esther Rodriguez a preschool educator. There are numerous errands should have been finished. While exploring I ran over a lot of data on the web, Echoices says that some common errands are â€Å"planning individual and gathering exercises, and screen exercises to forestall mishaps and clashes between children†. Nature of Work      Preschool instructors assume a significant job in the advancement of kids. In the Encyclopedia of professions and professional direction ninth version expresses that â€Å"a preschool teacher’s essential obligation in the social turn of events and strength of each child†. Preschool educators structure exercises that expand on the children’s local capacities and assist them with creating aptitudes and qualities that will enable them to develop. What kids realize a...

Grapefruit Interactions With Bipolar Drugs

Grapefruit Interactions With Bipolar Drugs Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Grapefruit Interactions With Bipolar Drugs By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 08, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 20, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Westend61  / Getty Images Grapefruit juice may seem like the ideal drink for a good, old-fashioned American breakfast, but when it comes to washing down your bipolar medications, think again. Unlike some types of citrus fruit, grapefruit can  interfere with the metabolization of certain drugs, inadvertently increasing their concentration to potentially toxic levels. Bipolar drugs are not the only ones affected. Also on the no-fly list are medications used to treat everything from  high cholesterol and arrhythmia to allergies and HIV. Even Viagra is complicated by the otherwise healthy effects of grapefruit. Which Medications Interact With Grapefruit Juice? How Grapefruit Interferes With Drug Concentration A number of psychotropic drugs, including those used treat anxiety, depression, and psychosis, are among the 80 agents grapefruit juice is known to interfere with. Forty-three of those drugs had serious adverse effects.?? This is because grapefruit contains furanocoumarins, an organic compound which blocks an enzyme that normally breaks down certain medications. While other citrus fruits like pomelos, limes, and Seville oranges also contain furanocoumarins, they havent been studied as closely.?? When this enzyme is blocked, the drug concentration levels in the  blood will be higher than expected. In some cases, the intended effect and/or side effects of the drug will be strongerâ€"even dangerous. Degrees and Persistence of Effect The degree by which grapefruit can affect certain drugs can vary. For some medications, one small glass of juice can result in what would be equivalent to a double or triple dose. For example, as much as 99 percent of BuSpar (buspirone) is normally metabolized before the drug enters the bloodstream. When taken with grapefruit juice, the concentration can increase by as much as 400 percent. Or, as demonstrated in this research, four-fold.?? At the same time, the effects of grapefruit can be long-lasting, interacting with certain drugs anywhere from several hours to a few days after ingestion. Alternately, you can avoid grapefruit altogether and substitute with (non-Seville) orange juice.   Any drug that will interact with grapefruit with have all of these defining elements: it will be taken orally, it will have very low to intermediate absolute bioavailability, and also it will be metabolized by the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme (CYP3A4). Grapefruit and some of the related citrus can irreversibly inhibit that enzyme. Such drugs should not be eaten with grapefruit or any of the related citrus, or alternative medications should be prescribed. Although it is probably purely speculative to suggest who the most vulnerable patient would likely be, people over 45 years old are the prime purchasers of grapefruit and receive the most prescriptions for drugs.?? List of Psychotropic Medications Affected by Grapefruit All told, there are over a dozen drugs commonly used to treat symptoms of bipolar disorder that are known to be affected, in differing degrees, by grapefruit. Anafranil (clomipramine)BuSpar (buspirone)Elavil (amitriptyline)Halcion (triazolam)Luvox (fluvoxamine)Prozac (fluoxetine)Seroquel (quetiapine)Serzone (nefazodone)Tegretol (carbamazepine)Trazodone (desyrel)Valium (diazepam)Versed (midazolam)Zoloft (sertraline) Always read the packet insert in its entirety to understand which interactions can occur. Typically, you can find this in or around the fifth paragraph where it would read: Talk with your doctor before including grapefruit or grapefruit juice in your diet while you are taking this medicine.   A Word From Verywell Each year, an increasing number of drugs?? are identified as having a possible interaction with grapefruit. In the end, you can usually still enjoy the grapefruit if taken wisely and enjoy the benefits of its combination of vitamin  C,  fiber, potassium, lycopene, and choline. Speak with your doctor if in doubt.

What Is Glass Transition Temperature

Essay about Athletic Scholarships; Pros and Cons - 1061 Words

College scholarships, the attraction of every devoted sports player out there. Earning scholarships brings players together not only to step up their game, but to be enthusiastic about exceeding their academic goals. Colleges put down an amount of money to attract top athletes from high schools all over their state. Athletic meaning all sports, like golf, fencing, and water polo. Tons of schools and families support the aid colleges grant in their athletic scholarship programs, while others are against it, saying that it has too few people who are accepted and that it takes away money that everyone else has to pay for their classes. They don’t realize that players will be encouraged to do great academically, so that they may do great†¦show more content†¦Colleges hope to spend their free tuition money to add a supportive student/player to their community. This will take some of the kids who’ve grown up in the poorer cities, who are un-supported and un-financed, and grant them a better education than a simple community school can. The smartest and the most skilled are not always the wealthiest, which bring colleges to bring kids who crave their academics, have a skill in sports, and could contribute to the cause of their school.(Kim Clark, Octobet 29, 2011. College Costs Climb, Yet Again; http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/26/pf/college/college_tuition_cost/index.htm) Colleges can help you achieve the ultimate sports goal of getting into a professional league. For nearly all of the professional players in the NBA, NFL, MLB, FIFA, and PGA sports associations, they all started off as high school kids with a dream. Hardly any ever were wealthy to begin with, but plenty were offered scholarships. And them having the opportunity to play in a college was their best hope, which they put all their effort into their academics so they may hold onto their dream. One small-neighborhood high school kid with basketball skills may not have enough money to introduce himself to a college at all, but colleges purposely search for those kinds of kids. An example is due to Pau Gasol, player in the NBA on the LA Lakers; He was never even in the United States to begin with. He was granted a scholarship in a college here,Show MoreRelatedThe Pros and Cons of Paying College Athletes Essay660 Words   |  3 Pagescollege athletes continues to be a huge debate in the spor ts world there are pros and cons for both and both need to be considered in the big decision that the NCAA has to make. There are many pros to paying college athletes. They are unpaid workers, and in big time college athletics, not just football, there are no amateurs. Whenever you get something of value for preforming athletically, you’re a professional.(pros, cons on pay for play). People do believe that the players deserve compensationRead MoreShould College Sports Be Banned?1438 Words   |  6 Pagesschool taking priority, athletes would skip days of school without having to come back. This lead to a negative impact on grades, which didn’t matter because there were no set rules for athletes. The National College Athletic Association, NCAA, formerly known as the Intercollegiate Athletic Association was founded in 1906. One of the main reasons it was created at this time is because football was almost wiped from colleges for being too dangerous, as were many other sports. Ultimately, they made rulesRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1275 Words   |  6 PagesCollege athlet ics have amounted to enormous popularity among Americans over the past few decades. This has resulted into increased revenues for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and the participating colleges, which has started the debate of whether college athletes should be rewarded beyond their athletic scholarships. This paper will attempt to answer the question as to whether college athletes should be paid by explaining some pros and cons of this subject. Athletes form theRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid? Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Should College Athletes Be Paid? This question has the propensity to cause much commotion within the various collegiate athletic divisions; e.g., NCAA, BIG 10, MEAC, and CIAA. The complexity involved in flushing out an answer to this question coupled with our status as college students may have played a direct influence in the decision of the group Long Term Money’s (L.T.M.) choice to use this topic as an interest for group assignment. A â€Å"student athlete† is a participant in an organizedRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1239 Words   |  5 PagesThesis: College football is the hours players spend practicing and performing, the number of injuries the players face, and the persona these athletes must portray every day all the while watching their schools, coaches, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) get all the compensation. Introduction: It is a Saturday afternoon in the fall, and every family from the South knows what that means. College football. It comes as naturally as breathing for some families, with generations partakingRead MoreThe Student Athlete Association and Subsidized Payment of College Athletes1589 Words   |  7 Pagescollege student athletes begin and remain amateur athletes while attending college. Payment for college athletes should be scholarships that can include tuition, books, dorm accommodations, meal on campus or while traveling. Anything above this should be considered â€Å"subsidized† and is considered in violation of the SAA’s governing body. Introduction The SAA (Student Athletic Association) is an organization that was developed to protect and keep all college athletes in an amateur status. The SAA’sRead MoreAthletes Should Not Be Paid1494 Words   |  6 Pagesbe paid due to the scholarships available, the yearly college budget, and the decreases in interest in grades. Student athletes have the ability to receive academic, sport scholarships, and many other scholarships. Academic scholarships can range from any amount of paid tuition based on the student’s performance throughout high school. Sport scholarships can range from any amount of money toward tuition to free tuition. If an athlete can acquire an academic and sport scholarship, the school programRead MoreAthletes Should Not Be Paid1496 Words   |  6 Pagespaid due to the scholarships available, the yearly college budget, and the decreases in interest in grades. Student athletes have the ability to receive academic, sport scholarships, and many other scholarships. Academic scholarships can range from any amount of paid tuition based on the student’s performance throughout high school. Sport scholarships can range from any amount of money toward tuition to free tuition. If an athlete can acquire both and academic and sport scholarship, the school programRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Not Be Paid2377 Words   |  10 Pagesshape or form. They are student athletes that are playing football for the school. The athletes already are put on scholarship and get money from the school there’s no need to get any extra incentives because there food, travel, and shelter is all paid for for the most part during the season so there s really no need for any extra money. When the athletes are not in season the scholarship money pays for a lot of their expenses. In my mind if the athletes start getting any sort of payment for playingRead More College Athletes Should Be Paid1471 Words   |  6 Pagesthe people who do get paid. Why should they not be paid? There are many pros for why they should get paid, but there are also many cons on why they should not get paid. The athletes should get paid because of how hard they work in season and the off-season. Do not pay all of the athletes, but pay the ones who are at a D1 college. The athletes should get paid because they put in the same amount of time as the pros do, and the pros get paid. There are many good things that can come out of paying college

Types of Friends Free Essays

THE THREE RELIABLE TYPES OF FRIENDS Having a lot of friends is nice, but it is more important to have true friends. A true friend should be supportive and trustworthy. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Friends or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am fortunate to have honest and caring friends. Although there are many different types of friends today, I can only rely on these three types of friends; a school friend, a neighborhood friend and a childhood friend. The first type of friend I can rely on is my classmate, Jack. He has a very serious attitude towards his studies. He often reminds me that being able to attend school is a privilege. He mentioned that there are a lot of people that wants to go to school but cannot, because of many different reasons. He is a very sincere person that is always willing to help, especially with my school work. When there is something that I do not understand in our lecture, he patiently explains it to me. We both prefer to be in the library when there is an upcoming exam. He helps me study for an exam by asking me questions about the subjects that will be in the exam. Other than studying, we both enjoy watching sports. We both love the San Francisco Giants and the San Francisco Forty Niners. There are times when the school works are overwhelming and Jack continues to motivate me to never give up. The second type of friend that I can rely on is my neighbor, Noy. She has a very positive attitude towards life. She often invited us to take trips around Tokyo and enjoy. We also spent a lot of time babysitting each other’s kids, especially during deployments. I did not like leaving my only daughter with our other neighbors but I felt at ease when I leave her with Noy. Being a navy wife herself, she understood the hardships of not having any family for support. She also has a passion for cooking which made it enjoyable to host parties with our other neighbors. We enjoyed sharing recipes and cooking tips with each other. I admire her for having a big heart. She believes in giving people second chances. Looking at the positive side in everyone is her motto. Every day, she inspires me to be a nicer person. The third and most important type of friend that I can rely on is my childhood friend, Lea. She remains humble even with all of her success. She is a working mom that has a career in microbiology. Distance was never an issue with our friendship. Even though we are in two different time zones, she continues to provide me emotional support. She always makes an effort to keep in touch by calling or emailing. She also loves shopping as much as I do. We love shopping so much, that even a three hour drive to the store did not stop us. There was a time when we both argued with the sales lady for putting up a wrong advertisement sign in the store. We both started to walk out of the store frustrated, but started to laugh soon as we go out of the store, when we both realized that we misunderstood the sign. Being in a different country, this will be our second year not shopping together for Black Friday. Despite the fact that we are not blood related, we treat each other like sisters. She is always encouraging me to work hard for the things I want in life and be successful. I have made a lot of friends in the past but my friends from school, neighborhood and my childhood are the only ones that continue to make a difference in my life. My classmate, Jack, helps me get through my struggles in school. My neighbor, Noy, makes my stay in Japan a memorable experience. Finally, my childhood friend, Lea, gives me strength me, even from a distance. I would rather treasure these three types of friends in my life than have a dozen of other unreliable friends. How to cite Types of Friends, Essay examples Types of friends Free Essays As explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us understand new things. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of friends or any similar topic only for you Order Now They enhance our self-esteem because they think we’re the best, because we matter to them. We don’t need to pretend in front of them, just show the real personality. We all have friends. However, different people have different tastes and viewpoints to make different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from† World of Reading 3†³ by Eileen K. Blab, people identified the qualities of making rinds and the most important Is a friend keeping confidences. A sense of humor followed closely. Good conversationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across many types of friends: convenience friends, friend’s of friends, online friends and close friends. Convenience friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to us. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They will lend us their salt when we run out of it. They will ask us if we want to go shopping with them. They will aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week. And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we won’t come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is rarely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues â€Å"It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it? † â€Å"How is your new company? Are you satisfied with the current salary? â€Å"something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from each other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These kinds of friends are all about connecting people. I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, they meet and know each other. Soon, their circle goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in big social gatherings, such as parties. We will have a lot of fun together, have delicious food and exorbitant wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an hour or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nothing much to say to each other. If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. I’d start with† Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? ‘ and end with a â€Å"Okay, see you. † But I never really want to see them because I wouldn’t take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open hearts to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to get acquainted with online friends. This is the most uncommon type of rinds, however, they can also be the most precious. Simply Just because you all are strangers, you can pour your feeling out to them without any worries. â€Å"Those who know us well want details and specifics; strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a cosmic scale. You can only say ‘l feel like Vie known you for years’ to someone you have not known for years. â€Å"(From Roger Bert- Lost in translation). I used to have online friends who I almost everyday talk with. I wouldn’t feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on. So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can skip the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel absolutely reassured that we have them. When I was a little girl, I was living n a small countryside. I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each other’s shadows. One charming night fall, we ran and played in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we would play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came home with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The next morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship. To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us; friend’s friends make us have a greater social hub; we can pour all our worry out to online friends; close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve and they are also the best candidate to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends. How to cite Types of friends, Papers Types of Friends Free Essays Linh Tran Prof J. Mc Dade English 1301 Date 2/2/2013 How to Study Effectively There is no doubt that studying is a long-term process. However, students grapple with many issues in their lives, and because of all of the competing things for their attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Friends or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, it is hard to concentrate on studying. Therefore, how to studying effectively is a question should be defined to all students. The key to effective studying is not cramming. There are some ways to studying effectively. First of all, students need to have the attitude and motor studying clearly. Whether they spend time learning more or less, this is the most important factor affecting their studies. They will not be able to learn most effectively if they do not get a correct learning attitude. According to Lou Holtz assets that â€Å"ability is what you’re capable of doing. Motivation determines what you do. Attitude determines how well you do†. Those are true. Students themselves need to answer some questions such as: what they study for; who they study for. Studying is for comprehensive development of the personality, and for personal success. Without the right attitude, students will not be able to do its best and overcome all difficulties, so what is a good learning attitude? Optimistic positive and purpose are two important factors. Optimistic thinking is the key factor. This is also an important contributing factor to the success of many successful people. For example, English is my second language, so it is not easy to learn all skills such as: speaking, listening, grammar, and writing. I was not good at speaking. When I moved to United State, I always had trouble in communicate with people daily. My friends in my class, even my teacher, they did not understand when we communicated together. It frustrated me that I was bad. Moreover, because of this second language, I used to have a trouble on the first day coming to school. I remember that; after an orientation day, I got home by bus. I was so tired because I did not adapt to US’s time zone. I overslept, so I missed the bus stop. When I wake up, I did not realize that until I myself wondered that â€Å"why stretch of road from school to house was further more from house to school? Immediately, I asked a bus driver, but she did not understand what I was talking about. I tried to say, and explained by gesture for her. It took me too long to explain for her. She was not almost patient to hear me. Also, finally she understood and showed me some next stops which I needed to take to go home. I felt bad about myself. However, at that time, I consoled by myself that I could overcome obstacles and difficulties in this second l anguage. Later on, step-by-step I planned practicing speaking English to my classmates daily. At the result, I made more progress in speaking. Therefore, at such time, how to overcome negative feeling in studying so that students can love themselves more and give positive solutions for their studying. In addition, studying purpose is also necessary. If students take aim for scores, the learning for them will be a hard work only. Let’s define the purpose of their learning. For example, learning English is my determination to learn it to reach a massive knowledge base of humanity, learning to communicate with my international friends. Optimistic positive and purpose are one of factors help student’s leaning become more effective. Second, the main factors of effective learning are where students study, and when they spend time to study. A lot of students make the mistake of studying in place that really is not ideal. The place students choose to study should not be distracting. If students try and study in their dorm room; for instance, they may find the computer, TV, or a roommate more interesting than the reading material they are trying to digest. A good study area is a quiet and bright place. Also, there are a lot of good place to study such as library, private room, or study hall, or a quiet coffee house. For example, my ideal places to study are in the library, or my private room. I choose those place because of they are the quiet areas, not the loud. Therefore, I can focus on studying more effective. Finding an ideal study place is important, because it is one the students can reliably count on for the next few years. Besides that, they also should not make light of studying time. Students’ effective learning time is usually about 45 minutes; then they need to take a break to relax a bit. Also if they feel lost, they do not have knowledge of trying too hard to remember it all. The principles of effective learning are to let your mind relax, and then it would be knowledge. If they want to review the lessons, they should review them then 10 minutes, then one day, then one week, and one month. Defining the time is also very important. The ability of human intellectual labor increases from early morning to near noon, then subside – after lunch should have a little nap for 20-30 minutes also. Afternoon performance was higher in the morning, especially for difficult subjects. Do not wake after 22 hours – because the mind after a day of work seems to have saturated, no longer absorb any more. My studying habit is that I always review the lesson on the day I get it. I do the home work at night. Also, I learn the lessons by heart in the following morning. Those methods make I can learning well. Student cannot study well without owning suitable studying time and studying space. Finally, keep healthy and balanced is one of effective factors so that students can study well. They need to eat and drink moderation. They need supplement more some types of vitamins and herb to their regular, healthy diet. For example, vitamin A, C, D, E and K and the B vitamins have specific roles in the body. Vitamin C helps healthy cell; vitamin D, calcium and vitamin E maintain cell structure. While the B vitamins, including folic acid, improves brain function. â€Å"The optimal brain function depends on the full extent of all the vitamins,† according to the Daily Mail quoted expert David Kennedy of the University of Northumbria (UK). In addition, they should exercise frequently like just walking 15 minutes in a day. That helps them have healthy. Finding the ways to keep healthy and balanced is not too hard, also helping the students’ studying is better. How to study effectively is always an important question, which should be given to all students so that they can study well. In my opinion, there are some good ways such as they need to define the attitude and motor studying clearly; they need to know where the ideal place is to study, and arranging studying time in a rational way; they also keep healthy and balanced. Mastering those way, and students can improve their studying effectively. How to cite Types of Friends, Papers Types of Friends Free Essays Classification Final Draft Types of Friends When I was a child, my parents raised me and my siblings to appreciate various kinds of friends. There are three types of friends I know of in this lifetime. I classify them according to how well they know me. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Friends or any similar topic only for you Order Now We make friends or encounter them as we go every day. My first type of friends are called â€Å"pest friend†. They are my acquaintance, or in other words I only know them by their name. I may not remember what they might look like if I go away for a short period of time. Usually, I meet these types of friends at school, at work, at a store or anywhere I would be. Next, I call them my â€Å"guest friends† or social partners. These sorts of friends I don’t talk too often. We would go out and at the end of the night we go our separate ways. Last, but no least, I have what it’s called â€Å"best friend†. They are always there when I need someone to talk to or when I’m down. They know me as a person and are always there with me through thick and thin, regardless of how bad things may seem. I am able to trust them with my problems. I don’t have to think twice about anything when I share with her. They never judge or criticize me, but are able to give me great advice or tell me something positive to encourage me and keep my head up high. Friends come in all different shapes and sizes: meaning they are all different. That’s why we categorize our friends. They all have a purpose to serve in one’s life. How to cite Types of Friends, Papers

The Most Amazing Field Trip to the Zoo free essay sample

One day at school my teacher said good morning kids don’t forget the field trip to morow ok miss. madsen said niceliy and 6 hours later it was time to go than when I went to my room than it was 3 hours later than my mom said its dinner time my older brother named ethan said whats for dinner than my mom said its mac and cheese and fruit yaaa I said my brother said IdOT than I said mom !!!!!! than did it agin I said than my mom said ethan be sweet ok okey mom than avter dinner I went to bed than in the morning when I went to school than my friends said to me at the same time was i CAN dont WAIT CAN YOU they said and than I said no I can not wait I love the zoo catelin said its soo fun april said I love it too Emily said I now right leils said emma said to me that whats the zoo I tald her it is a place that cool anmals live there and you get to see them I tald her than she said that seems like awesome fun im I right me and my friends said at the same time was yes it is sooooooâ⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on The Most Amazing Field Trip to the Zoo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fun than mis. madsen came in and said to us today is the field trip and we are going to go at 8:30 ok kids but that’s in 10 minites catelin said I now we are gonna be getting ready mis. madsen said ohhhhh catelin said wait if its in ten minutes than its gonn gonn be be atat thththeeee bgife waits that acks emma itititits the most dangeriste zoo ever I said to her now im scard of the zoo emma said right than samatha came in the class room it was ok because she was only 8 minites late than 2 mineites it 8:30 than I said oh no than catelin said holly nuts

Battle of Savages Station in the Civil War

Battle of Savage's Station in the Civil War The Battle of Savages Station was fought June 29, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). The fourth of the Seven Days Battles outside Richmond, VA, Savages Station saw  General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia pursuing Major General George B. McClellans retreating Army of the Potomac. Striking the Union rear guard, centered on Major General Edwin V. Sumners II Corps, Confederate forces proved unable to dislodge the enemy. Fighting continued into the evening until a strong thunderstorm ended the engagement. Union troops continued their retreat that night. Background Having begun the Peninsula Campaign earlier in the spring, Major General George McClellans Army of the Potomac stalled before the gates of Richmond in late May 1862 after a stalemate at the Battle of Seven Pines. This was mostly due to the Union commanders overly-cautious approach and the inaccurate belief that General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia badly outnumbered him. While McClellan remained inactive for much of June, Lee tirelessly worked to improve Richmonds defenses and plan a counterattack. Though outnumbered himself, Lee understood his army could not hope to win an extended siege in the Richmond defenses. On June 25, McClellan finally moved and he ordered the divisions of Brigadier Generals Joseph Hooker and Philip Kearny to push up the Williamsburg Road. The resulting Battle of Oak Grove saw the Union attack halted by Major General Benjamin Hugers division. Lee Attacks This proved fortunate for Lee as he had moved the bulk of his army north of the Chickahominy River with the goal of crushing Brigadier General Fitz John Porters isolated V Corps. Striking on June 26, Lees forces were bloodily repulsed by Porters men at the Battle of Beaver Dam Creek (Mechanicsville). That night, McClellan, concerned about the presence of Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons command to the north, directed Porter to retreat and shifted the armys supply line from the Richmond and York River Railroad south to the James River. In doing so, McClellan effectively ended his own campaign as the abandonment of the railroad meant that heavy guns could not be carried to Richmond for the planned siege. Taking a strong position behind Boatswains Swamp, V Corps came under heavy attack on June 27. In the resulting Battle of Gaines Mill, Porters men turned back several enemy assaults through the day until being compelled to retreat near sunset. As Porters men shifted to the south bank of the Chickahominy, a badly shaken McClellan ended the campaign and began moving the army towards the safety of the James River. With McClellan providing little guidance to his men, the Army of the Potomac fought off Confederate forces at Garnetts and Goldings Farms on June 27-28. Remaining away from the fighting, McClellan made the situation worse by failing to name a second in command. This was largely due to his dislike and distrust of his senior corps commander, Major General Edwin V. Sumner. Lees Plan Despite McClellans personal feelings, Sumner effectively led the 26,600-man Union rear guard which had concentrated near Savages Station. This force comprised elements of his own II Corps, Brigadier General Samuel P. Heintzelmans III Corps, and a division of Brigadier General William B. Franklins VI Corps. Pursuing McClellan, Lee sought to engage and defeat the Union forces at Savages Station. To due so, Lee ordered Brigadier General John B. Magruder to push his division down the Williamsburg Road and York River Railroad while Jacksons division was to rebuild the bridges across the Chickahominy and attack south. These forces were to converge and overwhelm the Union defenders. Moving out early on June 29, Magruders men began encountering Union troops around 9:00 AM. Armies Commanders Union Major General George B. McClellanMajor General Edwin V. Sumner26,600 men Confederate General Robert E. LeeBrigadier General John B. Magruder14,000 The Fighting Begins Pressing forward, two regiments from Brigadier General George T. Andersons brigade engaged two Union regiments from Sumners command. Skirmishing through the morning, the Confederates were able to push the enemy back, but Magruder became increasingly concerned about the size of Sumners command. Seeking reinforcements from Lee, he received two brigades from Hugers division on the stipulation that if they were not engaged by 2:00 PM they would be withdrawn. As Magruder contemplated his next move, Jackson received a confusing message from Lee that suggested that his men were to remain north of the Chickahominy. Due to this, he did not cross the river to attack from the north. At Savages Station, Heintzelman decided that his corps was not necessary to the Union defense and began withdrawing without first informing Sumner. The Battle Renewed At 2:00 PM, having not advanced, Magruder returned Hugers men. Waiting another three hours, he finally resumed his advance with the brigades of Brigadier Generals Joseph B. Kershaw and Paul J. Semmes. These troops were aided on the right by part of a brigade led by Colonel William Barksdale. Supporting the attack was a 32-pounder Brooke naval rifle mounted on a rail car and protected by an iron casemate. Dubbed the Land Merrimack, this weapon was slowly pushed down the railroad. Despite being outnumbered, Magruder elected to attack with only part of his command. The Confederate movement was first noticed by Franklin and Brigadier General John Sedgwick who were scouting west of Savages Station. After initially thinking the approaching troops belonged to Heintzelman, they recognized their mistake and informed Sumner. It was at this time that an irate Sumner discovered that III Corps had departed. Advancing, Magruder encountered Brigadier General William W. Burns Philadelphia Brigade just south of the railroad. Mounting a tenacious defense, Burns men soon faced envelopment by the larger Confederate force. To stabilize the line, Sumner randomly began feeding regiments from other brigades into the battle. Coming up on Burns left, the 1st Minnesota Infantry joined the fight followed by two regiments from Brigadier General Israel Richardsons division. As the forces engaged were largely equal in size, a stalemate developed as darkness and foul weather approached. Operating on Burns left and south of the Williamsburg Road, Brigadier General William T.H. Brooks Vermont Brigade sought to protect the Union flank and charged forward. Attacking into a stand of woods, they met intense Confederate fire and were repulsed with heavy losses. The two sides remained engaged, with neither making any progress, until a storm ended the battle around 9:00 PM. Aftermath In the fighting at Savages Station, Sumner suffered 1,083 killed, wounded, and missing while Magruder sustained 473. The bulk of the Union losses were incurred during the Vermont Brigades ill-fated charge. With the end of the fighting, Union troops continued withdrawing across White Oak Swamp but were forced to abandon a field hospital and 2,500 wounded. In the wake of the battle, Lee reprimanded Magruder for not attacking more forcefully stating that the pursuit should be most vigorous. By noon the following day, Union troops had crossed the swamp. Later in the day, Lee resumed his offensive by attacking McClellans army at the Battles of Glendale (Fraysers Farm) and White Oak Swamp.

Spaying and Neutering

Spaying and Neutering Spaying and Neutering Spaying and Neutering By Maeve Maddox A local public service announcement invites listeners to telephone for further information â€Å"about spay and neutering.† A Web search finds numerous examples of the verb spay joined with the participle form: This vet clinic in SW Portland offers low-cost spay and neutering for cats and dogs. Pet Spay and Neutering Program–Just Fix It [USDA] provides a list of programs in each state that provides low cost or free spay and neutering services for cats. Several institutions and organizations offer help for pet spay and neutering or low-cost service.   The present participle of the verb spay is spaying. The examples should read â€Å"spaying and neutering†: This vet clinic in SW Portland offers low-cost spaying and neutering for cats and dogs. Pet Spaying and Neutering Program–Just Fix It [USDA] provides a list of programs in each state that provides low cost or free spaying and neutering services for cats. Several institutions and organizations offer help for pet spaying and neutering or low-cost service.   An easy way to avoid misusing the word spay in announcements of this kind would be to use only the word neuter. Unlike spay, which refers to the removal of an animal’s ovaries, the word neuter can mean either â€Å"to castrate† or â€Å"to spay.†    The past and present participle forms of the verb spay are frequently mispronounced and misspelled: Incorrect: I got my cat spaded and she got [a] hernia from the stitches. Correct : I got my cat spayed and she got [a] hernia from the stitches. Incorrect: I am contemplating  spading  and declawing my kitten when she turns 6 months old.   Correct : I am contemplating  spaying and declawing my kitten when she turns 6 months old. The past tense forms of both verbs–neuter and spay–end in -ed: neutered and spayed. The words are pronounced [nyoo-terd] or [noo-terd]) and [spayd]. Speakers who mispronounce and misspell the word spayed as spaded are perhaps confused by the existence of the word spade [spayd], which functions as both noun and verb. The verb spade (to dig) has a past form in -ed: If you did not plow or  spade the  garden site in the fall, turn the  soil  in spring as soon as it is dry enough to work. The Alcotts thrived as Bronson  spaded the  earth for his acre of garden. An interesting etymological fact is that both words–spay and spade–derive from spatha, the Latin word for a broad-bladed sword. The verb spay entered English from French espeier, â€Å"to cut with a sword.† Its earliest meaning in English was â€Å"to kill a deer with a sword,† as in these directions in a 1425 hunting manual: â€Å"spay him [the deer] even behind the shoulder forward to the heart.† The same manual also uses spay to mean removing the ovaries of an animal. The word spay got its name from the cutting aspect of a sword, whereas the word spade got its name from a sword’s tapered shape. It may help to keep the words spay and spade apart by remembering that animals are spayed with delicate medical instruments having no resemblance to broad garden implements. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsHomonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsPractice or Practise?

Labor rights for illegal immigrants and why we should support them Research Paper

Labor rights for illegal immigrants and why we should support them - Research Paper Example Who are Illegal Immigrants? It is difficult to define illegal immigrants. Where illegal migration begins and ends is a matter for each sovereign state to define (Tapinos). There are two types of illegal migrants- those who enter illegally and those who overstay after entering legally. Seasonal workers who fail to return after the expiry of the contract and rejected asylum seekers are also part of the second group. In countries like USA and Canada, which are open to migration, illegal immigration is one of the options to become would be immigrants. But in countries of Europe, it is the only option except for those applying for asylum or family reunification (Tapinos). It is estimated that there is about four to five million illegal immigrants in USA, which is about 1.5% of the population 300,000 in Greece (3%) and Italy (0.5%) ( Tapinos). Illegal migrants join illegal job market where he agrees to work for fewer wage than the local workers. Employers in developed countries benefit as they need to pay only low wages. The welfare contributions and non wage costs would be less. The illegal workers do not bargain and will not create any problem even if forced to work for long hours. The illegal immigrants are always eager to get regularised. ... Importance of Labour Rights for Working Immigrants According to International Labour Organization (ILO), 20% of world’s workers are in industrialised countries ie.600 million. There are 2.5 billion workers in the developing countries (Martin). There were 191 million international migrants in 2005. It was 76 million in 1960 and 175 million in 2000 (Dittrick). A migrant worker is "a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national (Convention). In 1990, the UN General Assembly adopted International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. It may be noted here that labour rights are human rights. International human rights apply to all human beings. Everyone, whether citizen or immigrant, legal or illegal enjoys basic human rights such as right to life, liberty and security of person; freedom from slavery and torture; right to equal protecti on of law and freedom from discrimination; freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention; the presumption of innocence; and the right to freedom of association, religion and expression (The Rights of Migrants). The universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and Conventions adopted by the International Labour Organisation gives the right of association, the right to free choice of employment, the right to equal remuneration for work of equal value, and the right to just and favourable conditions of work to the immigrants. It also prohibits forced labour and

Blood Groups and Rh Factor Incompatibility Essay

Blood Groups and Rh Factor Incompatibility - Essay Example Every antigen also has a specific antibody too which is found in the body. Antibody A would be found in the blood of the people with blood group B whereas antibody B would be found in the people with blood group A. This defines that both the antigen and the antibody of the same type could not be found in one person and this antigen-antibody interaction plays a very important role in blood transfusion reactions. For blood transfusions the donor has to match the blood group of the recipient, like Blood group A can only give blood to another person with the Blood group A, the transfusion will only work if the recipient of the blood group has a blood group that does not have any antibodies in the blood which are against the donor’s blood antigens. However, when the donor’s antibodies match with the antigens in recipient’s blood the clumping of the RBCs occur, this shows that the blood could not be transfused. The terms universal donors and universal recipients are described for the two blood groups i.e. O with RH negative and AB with RH positive respectively. The blood of a person with Rh factor present in it could not be transfused to a person with RH negative blood. The transfer of blood cells from zygote to mother occur during pregnancy when blood cells from the zygote pass the placental barrier and enter the mother’s circulatpry system. The mother being Rh negative, her immune system would treat the cells like a foreign substance starts producing antibodies against the blood cells of the fetus. When the red blood cells are broken down they cause jaundice. Special immune globulins called RhoGHAM, this is no longer a problem for places with good prenatal

How to take a picture. :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this report I will tell you how to take a good picture. The things you will need are a camera, a tripod, a light meter, a remote shutter control, computer, printer, printer paper, digital level and a good location.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first thing you will need to do is decide what you want to take a picture of. Take your camera, tripod, light meter, remote shutter control, and digital level with you.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second thing you will need to do it set your camera up on your tripod. To do this you will need to take your camera and find the hole on the bottom. Next set the camera on the tripod. There should be a bolt on the tripod. Screw the bolt into the camera.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once you have that done you will need to set up the tripods legs. You will need your Digital Level for this. Extend the tripod legs, and use your Digital Level to get your camera nice and level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that your camera is level you need to set up your remote shutter control. To do this, attach it to you camera’s shutter button. This will allow you to take a picture without bumping the camera.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next you want to use your light meter to see what you want your aperture to be at. It depends on what your light is. If it’s really bright out, like if you were taking a picture of a sunset, you want a small aperture. But if it’s at night you want a big aperture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next decide the shutter speed. You can have many different effects based on how you set your shutter speed and aperture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now you can take you picture. What you want to do is focus on the object you are taking a picture of. This is very important to do RIGHT. If you don’t, your picture will come out blurry. So take your time while doing this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next step is to connect you camera to your computer. All you have to do is plug your USB cable into the camera. Once you’ve done that, a little window should pop up and ask you what you want to do. You should click on the button that says. â€Å"Download Pictures to PC† Once you do that they should download.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next step is cropping and printing your pictures.

What exactly is an ageing population?

An ageing population id one in which the proportion of older people is increasing. This group of elderly people are those who have passed the age of retirement and depend on pensions as their main source of income. The old age dependency ration is calculated by (Elderly Population 65+ / Working Population 15-64) x 100. Ageing populations are a factor of reductions in both birth and death rates due to technological and economic progress. An ageing population means the proportion of older people is increasing, which causes an increase in the dependency ratio. Social Impacts: 1. Increased pressure on public services – Greater demand for services such as hospitals and hospices, and therefore more are needed to care for the elderly, so more carers and nurses will need training. Some families will choose to care for their own relatives, putting pressure on the, socially and financially. 2. Unequal distribution of the elderly – e.g. Eastbourne has a high proportion of older people and may have inadequate facilities for young people as a consequence, such as bars and youth clubs. 3. Reduced population growth or population decline – The working population may have fewer children as they already have older dependants, leading to a reduction in birth rate. 4. Longer working life- The state pension is low because there are so many retired people, so therefore some may have to work beyond normal retirement age to build up personal pensions or savings, or to add to their income from their state pension. Economic Impacts: 1. Reduced work force- Smaller proportion of the population is working, which may slow economic growth 2. Increased taxes – A greater proportion are claiming pensions and support paid for by taxes, therefore this could mean higher taxes for the working population. 3. Spending – The elderly often have savings and pensions to spend within the economy. Strategies to Manage Ageing Populations: 1. Encouraging larger families – Should result in a larger future working population to provide taxes for better pensions and services 2. Raising retirement age – The working population is made large, so more people contribute to the state pension fund and to personal pensions. People will also claim the state pension for less time. 3. Encouraging the immigration of working-age people – This increases the working-age population; this helps to support the ageing population by paying taxes. 4. Increasing health care provision – Helps to easy the problem of poor health in the elderly. UK Case Study The UK has an ageing population where people over 65 make up a large part of the population. Reasons: 1. Increasing life expectancy – Currently 81.3 for women and 76.9 for men. 2. Baby Booms – Lots of babies were born during 1940’s and 1960’s and as this generation is beginning to retire and there are an increasing number of elderly people. 3. Falling birth rate – There are few younger people, so the proportion of older people is greater. Problems: 1. Pressure on the pension system – Today 60% of the working population are paying taxes to support a 16% retirement age population, but by 2030 there will be 56% of the working age population to support a 27% retirement age population. 2. More elderly people living in poverty – The state pension is not very large, and many to do not have other savings but the working population isn’t large enough to provide a larger pension. 3. Pressure on the health service – Older people need more medical care than younger people. East Devon: It is an attractive settlement for the elderly due to climate, low crime rates, scenery, other elderly people, with a population of 125,000 and a dependency ratio of 53.8%. The elderly are however putting pressures on more pension payments required, housing needs and health care. East Devon is a dispersed settlement and therefore limited public transport causes isolation amongst the elderly who are unable to travel privately for whatever reason. The elderly do however make large contributions economically (the grey pound where in 2005 Â £215billion was spent for particular needs paid by the elderly, such as for travel and leisure), and socially in terms of as volunteers and as carers for relatives who would be unable to afford child care otherwise. To manage this ageing population the East Devon council has put management strategies in place: 1. Housing – Maintained secure accommodation, warden care, adapted housing (e.g. plugs and taps as hip level to avoid having to bend over), and sheltered housing for the opportunity for socialising. 2. Health Services – Cost effective to keep the less sick at home for many deteriorative type illnesses (which puts additional pressures on care staff who do low paid work), and there has been some need for sheltered accommodation/therapy created. 3. Services and Amenities – New leisure facilities to keep the elderly healthy in terms of physical and mental wellbeing, and new social environments/clubs. Charities are also vital to supporting this. 4. Transport Services – New buses in rural environments that personally pick up individuals from their homes to take them into town to go shopping.

A Shattered Myth in The Glass Menagerie Essay - 2485 Words

In Tennessee Williamss play The Glass Menagerie, we are introduced to a young lady named Laura. Being shy, to an extreme, Laura lives in a world of her own making. It is a socially limited world where she is safe from all lifes painful embarrassments. Laura has wrapped herself in a blanket of protection within the walls of her familys lower middle-class apartment. There in her protected fortress she cares for her collection of glass animals, a collection her mother calls the glass menagerie. There is a consistent parallel between Laura and her collection. Lauras glass collection is a physical extension of herself, representing her lifeless existence and the absolute fragility within her. The glass unicorn specifically†¦show more content†¦When we gaze through a translucent object, we observe that light passes through that object; however, the light passing through it is diffused such that objects viewed are not clearly visible. Entangled in her glass world Laura is protected, the light in her world so diffused she is unwilling to clearly see the reality existing around her. After crying out Laura turns her face away from the scene of her shattered glass, unable to even glimpse the reality of the situation. In doing this she chooses to remain in her glass world of diffused light. When Nancy M. Tischler speaks of Laura in her book Tennessee Williams: Rebellious Puritan, she says, she never steps into the world for fear it would be impossible to bear. She merely stands at the brink and catches what she can of its beauty without becoming a part of it (99). The scene illustrated above is an example of Lauras inability to cross the boundary line of her illusionary world, a world as delicate as the glass she keeps. Later, in scene five, Tom voices his concern for Laura when he covertly explains to his mother how Laura is different from other girls. Tom goes on to say that Laura simply lives in a world of her own,a world of-little glass ornaments. Let us consider the use of the word ornaments. An ornament is an object or feature that embellishes or decorates. As Tischler explains, Lauras collection of glass absorbs her time. She spends hoursShow MoreRelatedEssay Crushed Dreams in The Glass Menagerie1194 Words   |  5 PagesCrushed Dreams in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚  Ã‚   Tennessee Williams is known for his use of symbols, tension, and irony. Williams uses all of these components to express the central theme of The Glass Menagerie - hope followed by despair. Each of the characters has dreams that are destroyed by the harsh realities of the world.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the narrator blatantly admits, since I have a poets weakness for symbols, symbols are central to The Glass Menagerie (Williams 30). Symbols areRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie Essay1911 Words   |  8 PagesThe Glass Menagerie is what it states itself to be: â€Å"a memory play†. And, â€Å"being a memory play, it is dimly lighted, it is sentimental, it is not realistic† (Williams 5). In the very beginning of the play, it claims an air of foggy illusion- smeared on the windows of time and the narrator’s memory. The mystic undertones of Menagerie is essentially a tension in between the view of moving forward yet the truth of moving backward, suspended in between the realms of dream and destiny, balanced perfectlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Warehouse 997 Words   |  4 Pagescontributes to his nocturnal film-going behavior. Finally, when he does leave the Wingfield apartment, he entraps himself with memories o f Laura. He escapes one prison only to fall into another that of his guilty conscience, his nostalgia of home, the glass menagerie and old fashioned melodies. He is unable to function in the present and wanders aimlessly thinking of his sister. Jim, though not as severely as the Wingfields, also reverts to his past as he looks through high school yearbooks with Laura andRead MoreTennessee Williams – The Glass Menagerie – Jim as a Representative of the American Dream and the Ideology of Optimism and Progressivism2306 Words   |  10 PagesTennessee Williams – The Glass Menagerie Jim as a Representative of the American Dream and the Ideology of Optimism and Progressivism â€Å"He is the most realistic character in the play, being an emissary from a world of reality that we were somehow set apart from. . . . he is the long-delayed but always expected something that we live for.† (Williams 5) – Jims first introduction by Tom as a narrator is a crucial one, as it points to the ambiguity of Jims character. For theRead More Dreams of Escape in The Glass Menagerie Essay example2299 Words   |  10 PagesDreams of Escape in The Glass Menagerie    Anyone can handle a crisis, but day-to-day living is the most trying aspect of life (Jackson 19). This is especially true in the drama The Glass Menagerie. None of the characters in this tale is willing to or capable of living in the present. Everyday life becomes so mindless and oppressive that each characters dreams and fantasies become more important than reality itself. Through their dreams, Amanda, Tom, Laura, and Jim attempt to transcend realityRead More Dreams and Escape in The Glass Menagerie Essay2243 Words   |  9 PagesDreams and Escape in The Glass Menagerie    None of the characters in The Glass Menagerie is capable of living in the present. Everyday life is so oppressive that each character, through their dreams, retreats into a fantasy world. This essay will examine the reality faced by Amanda, Tom, Laura and Jim and probe how, through their dreams, each character attempts to transcend reality. Amanda, having lost her husband and having to take care of her two children, namely Tom and Laura

ThePensters Pay for a Literature Review of Your Dream!

Pay for a Literature Review and Get One Quickly! At ThePensters we provide our customers with a great opportunity to manage the literature review writing process on their own. Using your account, you will be able to keep an eye on the assignment writing process. Perhaps you would like to make some corrections in the content feel free to contact your assistant directly. You are welcome to get in touch with the writers dealing with your literature review at your convenience. Moreover, you can use round-the-clock online communication with ThePensters experts ready to serve you at any moment. We will create the paper matching your demands and order specifications and, more importantly, provide you with an opportunity to be the manager of the project and guide ThePensters writer any way you require. Do My Literature Review and Stay Confidential! No Problem with ThePensters! When you make a decision to entrust your college literature review to ThePensters authors, we in turn do our best to provide you with solid privacy of all personal details you impart with us in the process of registration. Moreover, we make certain that every single transaction is performed 100% confidential as well. Thus, we guarantee never to share your credit card information with any third party. In other words, neither your college/university project tutor, nor your pals will ever find out youre one of ThePensters customers. Get 100% Satisfaction OR a Full Refund! A complete list of all the basic aspects of the money-back policy can be found at ThePensters website, or you can consult one of our online customer support operators while you look through the site. All in all, what it all comes down to is that we want both our new and regular customers who come and say do my literature review to be happy with the service quality we provide. If theres an error found in any review, our help team will gladly do everything possible in order to rectify the misunderstanding, performing free unlimited revisions and amendments. Nonetheless, if reasonable effort has been exerted to rectify the situation, and the client is still dissatisfied with the quality of the final product, we will gladly provide him with a 100% refund. One should mention that in the course of entire history of ThePensters our writers have never been asked for a full refund. One of the reasons we have such a spotless reputation is that each personnel member is dedicated to providing yo u with the top-notch quality at student-friendly prices, and never sacrifice it for the sake of quantity. We want you to grasp the opportunity to take advantage of the best literature review writing service in the industry!

heypih Essay - 2506 Words

Najah Ronya Imad 212125025 Strategic Management - MMM365 T2 2014 HM Individual Case Analysis Word count: 2393 Q1. What do you think is the most critical strategic issue confronting HM? Explain your answer by drawing on relevant topics in Strategic Management The most critical strategic issue that HM needs to confront is the declining market position in relation to the rapid expansion of Zara and other fashion retailers. Hennes and Maurtiz, or also known for short as HM, is a big billion dollar Swedish fashion company which engages in designing and retailing fashion products from cosmetics, footwear and accessories for men, women and children. Operating all over the globe, throughout 43†¦show more content†¦Thanks to these, HM was ranked number 21 out of 100 for the most valuable global brands according to inter brand in 2011, with a brand value of 16.5 billion dollars. In comparison with close competitor Zara ranked in at number 44 with 8 billion dollars’ worth of brand value. This huge difference can partly be attributed to HM’s long term advertising campaigns with high-profile celebrities. In order to enhance the value of its brand name, HM spends around 5% of its revenue on advertising. HM has also established a strong social media presence. The company aims to become part of its customer’s daily lives through its pages on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Google+ and YouTube as well as the Chinese social media networks Youku and Sina Weibo. Through these networks followers share ideas and opinions and get quick answers to their questions. This is important for this day and ages were people do not want to wait for too long. Also new fashion videos and catwalks are constantly uploaded to YouTube with millions of views. The App for uses is also new which offers the latest collection and campaigns and find out what is new. In relation to strategic management it’s important to note the Five Forces Framework when determining the competitive forces. If an industry has low competitiveness then there will be an expected high level of profit then in comparison to

Msn 3.02-03-2002 Free Essays

string(41) " with the requirements of this document\." Source: IS PARAGRAPH-WWW http://online. prg. kz INTERSTATE CONSTRUCTION NORMS MSN 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Msn 3.02-03-2002 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 02-03-2002 Buildings and Premises for Institutions and Organisations Contents Introduction 1 Scope 2 Codes and standards 3  Terms and definitions 4 General 5 Requirements to premises 6 Fire safety 7 Safety in use 8 Compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements 9 Energy conservation 10 Durability and maintainability Appendix ? (mandatory). References Appendix B (mandatory). Terms and definitions Appendix C (mandatory). Rules for calculating the total area of buildings, area of premises, total structural volume, footprint area and number of building floors during design Appendix D (mandatory). List of premises in buildings of institutions that can be located on underground and semi-basement floors Introduction This document contains norms and regulations for a group of buildings and premises with common functional and space/layout features and designed ainly for intellectual labour and non-production activities that are different from buildings designed for production of tangible assets and provision of services to the public. The defining features of this group of buildings are: composition of the main functional groups of premises, space/layout structure, same functional fire class of buildings/structures taking into account methods of use (during day time only), fire risk degree and characteristics of main personnel as established by MSN 2. 2-01. In a ccordance with the principles defined in MSN 1. 01-01, this document sets out a number of mandatory normative requirements to operational characteristics of building used by organisations and institutions, including and first of all the requirements to their safety and compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements. Participants in development of this document are: Viktorova L. A, Cand. Arch (FTsS Stroy-sertifikatsiya of Russian Federation Gosstroy); Garnets A. M. , Cand. Arch (Public Buildings Institute), Glukharev V. A. , Sopotsko S. Yu. , Cand. Tech. Sci. (Russian Federation Gosstroy); Lerner I. I. , Cand. Arch (â€Å"TsNIIEP named after Mezentsev B. S. † CJSC); Skrob L. A. , Cand. Arch; Storozhenko T. E. , (â€Å"TsNIIpromzdaniy† CJSC). 1 Scope This document shall be applied during design, construction and operation of new and refurbished buildings used by institutions and organisations, including: institutions of local government control bodies; administrative buildings of various enterprises, including industrial ones; offices and buildings of scientific research, design and development organisations; buildings of financial institutions and banks, buildings of legal institutions and public prosecution bodies; editing and publishing organisations (with the exception of printing houses), as well as buildings and premises of other non-production institutions using their premises during a part of the day time for accommodation of permanent personnel accustomed to the local conditions. This document sets out requirements to safety and other operational characteristics of buildings that are mandatory for all legal entities and private individuals carrying out design and construction of buildings for institutions and organisatio ns (hereinafter â€Å"buildings of institutions†). In addition to this document, other, more general codes and standards shall be complied with during design and construction of buildings and premises for the above institutions if they do not conflict with the requirements of this document. You read "Msn 3.02-03-2002" in category "Papers" This document applies to all buildings regardless of the sources of financing (state or municipality budget or own funds of developers that carry out construction of buildings for own needs or for rental purposes). This document does not apply to design of buildings for the Government, police, security and defence bodies, customs services, embassies and other facilities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in other countries, state archives, buildings of laboratory and experimental facilities and special structures of scientific research institutes, as well as office premises placed inside mobile buildings. 2 Codes and standards This document contains references to codes and standards listed in Appendix ?. 3  Terms and definitions Definitions of terms used in this document are provided in Appendix B. 4 General 4. 1 Design, construction and refurbishment of buildings of institutions shall be in accordance with the requirements of this document and other codes and standards stipulating rules for design and construction and on the basis of Permit to Construct confirming the right of owner, user or lessee of the land plot (hereinafter â€Å"the Client/Developer†) to carry out development as described in design documentation agreed and approved in accordance with the established procedures. 4. Arrangement of the proposed buildings and structures on the land plot allocated for construction shall be in accordance with restrictions established by the effective legislation, design and construction codes and standards, Architectural Planning Assignment and Permit to Construct. 4. 3 Design and construction of buildings of institutions shall include provisions, in accordance with current codes and standards, to ensure accessibility for people with limited mobility working in or visiting these buildings. This requirement shall be described in detail in the Technical Design Assignment, stating, if necessary, the number of disabled persons and types of disability. 4. 4 Premises of institutions proposed to be located within residential buildings shall be designed in accordance with both this document and the requirements of other current codes and standards to public premises inside residential buildings. 4. Building load-bearing structures shall be designed to prevent the following effects during construction and in normal operating conditions: destruction of or damage to structures requiring discontinuation of building operation; unacceptable deterioration of operational characteristics of structures or buildings as a result of deformations of formation of fractures. 4. 6 Building bases and structures shall be designed to withstand the following loads and effects: permanent gravity loads from lead-bearing and enclosing structures; temporary uniformly distributed and concentrated loads on floor slabs; snow loads typical for the construction region; wind loads typical for the construction region; hazardous geophysical effects typical for the construction region. Normative values of the above loads, adverse combinations of loads or corresponding forces, structure deflection and movement limits and values of reliability factors in terms of load shall be assumed in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. Additional client requirements to loads from heavy elements of equipment stated in the Technical Design Assignment shall also be taken into account. 4. 7 Load bearing and deformation analysis methods used in design of structures shall comply with the requirements of current codes and standards on structures made of relevant materials. On undermined land, subsiding soils, in seismically active areas and in other complex geology conditions buildings shall be sited taking into account additional requirements of the relevant regulations. 4. Building foundation design shall take into account physical and mechanical properties of soils indicated in the relevant regulations, hydrogeological conditions of the development site a nd aggresiveness of soils and groundwater to foundations and buried utilities and ensure the required uniformity and speed of soil base settlement under buildings. 4. 9 Buildings and premises of institutions shall be provided with cold and hot water supply systems, waste water systems, rainwater drainage facilities, as well as separate or combined fire water main in accordance with current codes and standards. Water supply systems inside buildings shall be separate or combined domestic/potable and fire water supply systems. Hot water supply outlets shall be provided for process equipment of canteens and buffets, for taps of cleaning utensils rooms, for washbasins of medical rooms and lavatories, for female personal hygiene cabins and other devices in accordance with the Technical Design Assignment. 4. 10 HVAC systems of buildings shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards and requirements Sections 7-9 of this document. Inlets of heating networks into buildings shall be provided with heating stations (individual and central heating stations). 4. 11 Buildings of institutions shall be provided with electric equipment, electric lighting, city telephone lines, wired radio and television systems. If necessary in accordance with special requirements of departmental construction codes and Technical Design Assignment, complexes of buildings and individual buildings or premises shall be equipped with local (internal) telephone systems, local wired radio and television systems, public address/entertainment systems, amplification and interpreting systems, time signalling devices, fire and security alarm systems, fire public address systems (in accordance with the current codes and standards), gas, smoke and flooding alarms, utility systems automation and building management systems, as well as other devices and multi-purpose low-current power supply system. 4. 12 Electric equipment for installation in buildings of institutions shall be designed in accordance with current regulations approved in accordance with the established procedures. 4. 3 Lightning protection of buildings shall be designed taking into account presence of television antennae and telephone/wired radio masts in ac cordance with current codes and standards. 4. 14 Gas supply systems of buildings of institutions shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. 4. 15 Buildings of institutions shall be provided with waste and dust removal systems. Waste removal systems shall be designed on the basis of regional daily waste accumulation standards (taking into account the level of amenities provided in the buildings). Waste removal facilities shall be aligned with waste removal system of the settlement in question. The requirement for provision of a refuse chute shall be stipulated in the Technical Design Assignment. Buildings without refuse chutes shall be provided with refuse collection chamber or utility area. 4. 16 Buildings of institutions shall be provided with passenger lifts if the difference in height between entrance hall and the top floor is 12 m or greater; if such buildings are constantly visited by the public, lifts shall be provided when the above difference is 9 m or greater; if on the second and higher floors there are premises for the disabled, in accordance with current codes and standards. The requirement for provision of other vertical transport facilities in buildings of institutions shall be stipulated by the Technical Design Assignment. The required number of passenger lifts shall be determined on the basis of calculations, normally, this number shall be two; one lift in the building (passenger or freight/passenger lift) shall have the cabin at least 2100 mm deep to allow transportation of one person on a stretcher. In buildings of institutions having 10 or more floors, one of the passenger lifts shall be designed to carry fire brigades in accordance with requirements of current codes and standards. If an attic floor is being added to an existing building with 9 floors, installation of this type of lift is not mandatory. If atria is provided, this type of lift shall be installed in buildings having 7 or more floors. In buildings less than 28 m high (bottom of upper window opening – in accordance with MSN 2. 02-01) having not more than two lifts, they can be installed in a staircase. 4. 7 Subject to Client/Developer request, documentation on buildings of institutions shall additionally include heat-and-power e ngineering passport and operating instructions. The purpose of heat-and-power engineering passport is to establish heat-and-power engineering characteristics and power consumption of the building. It shall be drawn up in accordance with procedures and format established by current codes and standards taking into account provision of Section 9 of this document. Operation instructions shall contain requirements and provisions necessary to ensure safety of buildings and structures during operation, including information on the main tructures and utility systems, layouts of concealed framework elements, concealed electric wiring and utilities, as well as limit values of loads for structural elements and electric networks. This information can be presented as copies of as-built documentation. 5 Requirements to premises 5. 1 Normally, premises in buildings of institutions constitute the following main functional groups: ?) management offices; b) work premises of structural subdivisions of institutions and organisations; c) premises for meetings and/or conference rooms; d) IT/ technical premises, including: technical libraries, design offices, archive rooms, premises housing IT equipment, etc. depending on the Technical Design Assignment; e) entrance premises, including: entrance hall, additional space between entrance lobby and entrance hall, cloakroom, access badge issue bureau, security guard room; f) customer service premises, including: premises of public catering and healthcare enterprises, lavatories, amenity premises for maintenance and operation personnel, sports/recreational premises, etc. ; g) building maintenance premises, including: repair workshops, stores of different intended use, etc. ; h) premises for utility equipment, including: ventilation chambers, premises with electric power distribution panels, etc. 5. 2 Composition and area of and functional interdependencies between premises in buildings of institutions shall be determined in the Technical Design Assignment in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. Composition of premises in functional Groups ?) – d) and g) shall be established in the Technical Design Assignment, their area is determined by state departmental or process standards, however, it shall be noted that at least 6 m2 shall be allowed for each employee in the premises of functional Group b) (excluding space for special furniture for office equipment). Composition, equipment (including sanitary devices) and area of premises in Groups e) and f) shall be determined in accordance with standards stipulated in the existing codes and standards. 5. 3 Composition and area of premises for IT and communications equipment, as well as requirements thereto shall be determined in special Technical Design Assignment attached to the main Technical Design Assignment. 5. Composition and area of special-purpose premises of financial, banking, legal and other institutions shall be determined in the Technical Design Assignment taking into account the current codes and standards. 5. 5 Height of premises measured from floor to ceiling shall be at least 3 ?. In small offices located within residential buildings and industrial offices located in administrative/amenity buildings, height of premises can be the same as the height adopted for such buildings. 5. 6 Height of corridors and halls shall be at least 2. 4 m, in offices located within residential buildings and industrial offices located in administrative/amenity buildings, at least 2. 2 m. Width of corridors shall comply with the requirements of fire prevention norms, however, it shall be at least 1. 2 m if corridor length is 10 m, at least 1. ? if corridor length exceeds 10 m and at least 2. 4 m if corridors are used as lobbies or spaces for accommodation of waiting visitors. 5. 7 Height of mechanical floors shall be assumed taking into account equipment and utilities they will accommodate and operating conditions of such equipment and utilities, the clear height of such floors along passageways of maintenance personnel shall be at least 1. 8 m. 5. 8 The distance between the most distant premises to the nearest passenger lift shall not be greater than 60 m. Exits from passenger lifts shall lead into a lift hall, including entrance or other hall is lift hall is a part thereof. Passenger lift hall shall be: at least 1. x the minimum lift cage depth if lifts are arranged in a single row; at least double the minimum cage depth if lifts are arranged in two rows. Width of lift hall in front of lifts with cage depth of 2100 mm and greater shall be at least 2. 5 m or, if there are two rows of lifts, at least equal to the double the minimum cage depth. Store rooms and other premises designed for storage of combustible materials shall not have exits leading directly into the lift hall. 5. 9 Requirement for provision of civil defence premises in buildings of institutions shall be determined in the Technical Design Assignment in accordance with agreement made with Civil Defence Headquarters as requi red by the current codes and standards. 6 Fire safety 6. 1 General 6. 1. Fire safety requirements stipulated by this document are based on provisions and classifications of MSN 2. 02-01. 6. 1. 2 Except as otherwise specifically set forth in this document, terms and definitions used in this section are in accordance with ST SEV 383 and GOST 12. 1. 033. 6. 1. 3 This document shall be complied with in the design of buildings up to 50m high of functional fire risk class ?(F) 4. 3 (as per MSN 2. 02-01), as well as premises of these class built into buildings of other functional fire risk class. Class ?(F) 4. 3 built-in or built-in/lean-to premises of residential buildings shall also conform to the requirements of current codes and standards. For buildings higher than 50 m, technical specifications shall be developed containing additional measures taking into account specifics of fire protection in accordance with 1. 5* MSN 2. 02-01. 6. 1. 4 Automatic fire detection, extinguishing and alarm installations shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. 6. 2 Provision of public safety 6. 2. 1 Width of escape exits and stairways shall be determined depending on the number of escaping personnel via the exit per 1m of width in buildings: of fire-resistance rating I and II and fire risk class (SO)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. not more than 165 people of fire-resistance rating III and IV and fire risk class ?(SO), ?1(S1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦not more than 115 people of fire-resistance rating III and IV and fire risk class ?2(S2), (S3) of fire-resistance rating V and all fire risk classes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦.. not more than 80 people Also, the width of escape exits shall be determined taking into account the requirements of Item 6. 16, that of stairways, taking into account the requirements of Item 6. 29 of MSN 2. 02-01. 6. 2. 2 Distances along escape routes from doors of the most distant premises (with the exception of lavatories, wash-rooms, smoking rooms and other amenity premises that are not permanently manned) to the exit leading outside or into a staircase shall not exceed distances indicated in Table 6. 1. Capacity of premises with exits leading into a dead-end corridor or hall shall not exceed 80 people. Table 6. 1 Fire-resistance rating of buildings| Structural fire risk class of buildings| Distance, in metres, when density of traffic in a corridor is*), persons/m2| | | up to 2| from over 2 to 3| from over 3 to 4| from over 4 to 5| over 5| ?. From premises located between staircases or exits leading outside| I and II| (SO)| 60| 50| 40| 35| 20| III IV| (SO), ?1(S1) (SO), ?1(S1)| 40| 35| 30| 25| 15| III| ?2(S2),(S3)| 30| 25| 20| 15| 10| IV| ?2(S2),(S3)  | | | | | | V| Not specified  | | | | | | B. From premises with exits leading into a dead-end corridor or hall| I and II| (SO)| 30| 25| 20| 15| 10| III| (SO), ?1(S1)| 20| 15| 15| 10| 7| IV| (SO), ?1(S1)  | | | | | | III| ?2(S2),(S3)| 15| 10| 10| 5 | 5| IV| ?2(S2),(S3)  | | | | | | V| Not specified  Ã‚  | | | | | | *) Ratio of the number of people evacuating from premises to the area of escape route corridor. | 6. 2. 3 Large rooms (conference rooms, dining rooms of canteens, etc. ) shall be placed on floors indicated in Table 6. 2. In determination of the highest possible floor for large rooms with sloping floors, floor level shall be assumed to be equal to the level of the first row of seats. Table 6. 2 Fire-resistance rating of buildings| Structural fire risk class| Number of seats| Floor| I, II| (SO)| Up to 300From over 300 to 600From over 300 to 600| 1-161-51-3| II| ?1| Up to 300| 1-3| IIIIII| CO?1| From over 300 to 600Up to 300From over 300 to 600| 1-21-21| IV| ,?1| Up to 300| 1| IV| ?2(S2),(S3)| Up to 100| 1| V| Not specified| Up to 100| 1| 6. 2. 4 The maximum distance from any point of large rooms to the nearest escape exit shall no exceed the distance indicated in Table 6. 3. Table 6. 3 Intended use| Fire-resistance rating of buildings| Structural fire risk classof buildings| Distance (m) in rooms with volume, thousand m3| | | | up to 5| from 5 to 10| Exhibition halls, conference rooms, gyms, etc. | I, II| (SO)| 30| 45| | III| (SO)| ditto| ditto| | III| ?1| 20| 30| | IV| (SO), ?1(S1)| ditto| ditto| | IV| ?2(S2)-(S3)| 15| -| | V| Not specified| ditto| -| Dining and readinghalls, with area of the main passageway providing at least 0. 2m per each evacuating person| I, II| (SO)| 65| -| | III| (SO)| ditto| -| | III| ?1| 45| -| | IV| (SO), ?1(S1)| ditto| -| | IV| ?2(S2)-(S3)| 30| -| | V| Not specified| ditto|   | Note: Symbol â€Å"-† in the table indicates that premises of this type can not havethe indicated volume. | 6. 2. 5 The number of steps in one flight of stairs between landings (with the exception of curved stairs) shall not exceed 16. The number of steps in single-flight stairs or single flight of two- or three-flight stairs within the limits of ground floor shall not exceed 18. 6. 2. Type 3 stairs can be used as the second escape route from the first floor. Type 3 stairs shall be designed for the following maximum numbers of evacuating people: 70 – for buildings of fire-resistance ratings I and II and fire risk class (SO); 50 – for buildings of fire-resistance ratings III and IV and fire risk classes (SO) and C1(S1); 30 – for buildings of fire-resistance ratings III and IV and fire risk classes ?2(S2) and C3(S3), for buildings of fire-resistance rating V. 6. 2. 7 If walkways leading to external stairs pass through flat roofs or external open galleries, load-bearing structures of roofs and galleries shall be designed to have fire-resistance limit REI 30 and fire risk class . 6. Prevention of fire propagation 6. 3. 1 Fire-resistance rating, structural fire risk class and permissible height of buildings (as per MSN 2. 02-01) and floor area within a fire compartment shall be assumed in accordance with Table 6. 4. Elements of load-bearing structures in two or more storey high buildings of fire-resistance rating IV shall have fire-resistance limit R45 or better. If premises are provided with automatic fire extinguishing installations, areas indicated in Table 6. 4 can be increased by 100 %, with the exception of buildings of fire-resistance rating IV with fire risk class or ?1, as well as buildings of fire-resistance rating V. Table 6. stipulates standards for buildings and fore compartments of different categories and pre-defined combinations of fire-resistance ratings and structural fire risk classes. For combinations not included in the table, floor area and building height shall be assumed as for the lowest of the indicated values for the particular building category, or agreed in accordance with procedures defined in Item 1. 6 of MSN 2. 02-01. Table 6. 4 Fire-resistance rating of buildings  Ã‚  | Structural fire risk class  Ã‚  | Permissible height of buildings, m  Ã‚  | Floor area within a fire compartment, in metres, when the number of floors is:| | | | 1| 2| 3| 4-5| 6-9| 10-16| I| (SO)| 50| 6000| 5000| 5000| 5000| 5000| 2500| II| (SO)| 50| 6000| 4000| 4000| 4000| 4000| 2200| II| CI| 28| 5000| 3000| 3000| 2000| 1200| -| III| (SO)| 15| 3000| 2000| 2000| 1200| -| -| III| CI| 12| 2000| 1400| 1200| 800| -| -| IV| CO| 9| 2000| 1400| 1200| -| -| -| IV| CI| 6| 2000| 1400| -| -| -| -| IV| ?2(S2),(S3)| 6| 1200| 800|   | -| -| -| V| CI-C3| 6| 1200| 800| -| -| -| -| Notes: 1. Here and further in Section 6 height of buildings is determined in accordance with MSN 2. 02-01 (see note to Item 1. 5*) and measured from the surface that fire engines are driving on to the lower boundary of opening on the top floor (not top mechanical floor). 2. Symbol â€Å"-† in the table means that a building of the particular fire-resistance rating can not have the indicated number of storeys.   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Floor area between fire walls of single-storey buildings having a two-storey part occupying less than 15% of building area shall be assumed as for a single-storey building. Fire-resistance rating of building lean-to canopies, terraces and galleries, as well as oth er buildings and structures separated by fire-rated walls can be assumed to be by one level lower than fire-resistance rating of the building. 6. 3. 2 To ensure the required fire-resistance limit of load-bearing elements in buildings of fire-resistance rating I, II and ?, use of structural fire protection only is permitted (siding, concrete coating, plastering, etc. ). 6. 3. Attic floor in buildings of fire-resistance rating I, II and III can be assumed to have load-bearing structures with fire-resistance limit R45, provided that such structures will have fire risk class and will be separated from lower storeys by Type 2 fire-rated floor structure. In this case, attic floor shall be separated by Type 1 fire-rated partitions into compartments having an area: not greater than 2000 m2 for buildings of fire-resistance ratings I and II or not greater than 1400 m2 for buildings of fire-resistance rating III. Fire-rated partitions shall protrude above the roof as a fire-rated wall in acco rdance with Item 6. 3. 5 of this document. In attics of buildings up to 28 m high inclusive, use of wooden structures with fire protection providing fire risk class is allowed. 6. 3. 4 Roofing, roof timbers and lathing can be made of combustible materials. In lofts of buildings (with the exception of buildings of fire-resistance rating V) with roof timbers and lathing made of combustible materials, roofing shall not be made of combustible materials, roof timbers and lathing shall be subjected to fire-proofing treatment ensuring loss of wood mass during tests described in GOST 4686 not greater than 13 %. 6. 3. 5 Fire-rated wall shall protrude above the roof: by at least 60 cm if any of the elements of loft or loft-free roof (with the exception of roofing) are made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) aterials; by at least 30 cm if elements of loft or loft-free roof (with the exception of roofing) are made of Group ?1(G1) or ?2(G2) materials. Protrusion of fire-rated walls above the roofing is not mandatory if all elements of loft or loft- free roof (with the exception of roofing) are made of Group (NG) materials. 6. 3. 6 Fire-rated walls of buildings with external walls constructed using Group ?1(G1), ?2(G2), (G3) or ?4(G4) materials shall cross such walls and extend beyond the wall external surface by at least 30 cm. If external walls made of Group (NG) materials have continuous band windows, fire-rated walls shall separate windows. In this case, extension of fire-rated wall beyond the wall external surface is not mandatory. Fire-rated walls can have ventilation and chimney channels, however, in their locations, fire-rated wall fire-resistance limit on both sides of a channel shall be at least REI 150 in the case of Type I fire-rated walls and at least REI 45 in the case of Type II fire-rated walls. Fire-rated floors shall adjoin external walls made of Group (NG) materials without gaps. Fire-rated floors in buildings with Class ?. 1, ?2 and external walls or with glazing at the floor structure level shall cross such walls and glazing. 6. 3. 7 If a building is divided into fire compartments, the wall of the higher and wider compartment shall serve as fire-rated wall. External part of fire-rated wall can be used for placement of windows, doors and gates with non-specified fire-resistance limits, at a vertical distance above the roofing of adjoining compartment of at least 8 m and horizontal distance from walls of at least 4 m. 6. 3. 8 Placement of fire-rated walls or fire-rated partitions in locations where one part of a building adjoins another at an angle shall be such as to ensure that the horizontal distance between the nearest edges of opening in external walls is at least equal to 4 m, whereas at least 4m parts of walls and roof eaves/cave adjoining to fire-rated wall or partition at an angle shall be made of Group (NG) materials. If the distance between the indicated opening is less than 4 m, they shall be filled with Type 2 fire-rated doors or windows. 6. 3. Walls, partitions, floor structures, roofs and other enclosing structures of buildings shall not have voids restricted by Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials, with the exception of voids: i n wooden structures of floors and roofs divided by blind walls into spaces with area not exceeding 54 m, and also along contours of internal walls; between steel or aluminium corrugated sheets and vapour insulation, provided that behind the vapour insulation there is a heat insulation layer made of Group (NG), ?1(G1) or ?2(G2) material. If heat insulation is made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials (including heat insulation without vapour insulation), such voids at sheet edges shall be filled with Group (NG), ?1(G1) or ?2(G2) mate ials to a depth of at least 25 cm; between Group structures and their facings made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials from the side of premises, provided that voids are divided by blind walls into spaces with area not exceeding 3 m2; between facing made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials and external surfaces of walls of single-storey buildings having a height from the reference ground level to the eaves of 6 m maximum and footprint area not exceeding 300 m2 , provided that voids are divided by blind walls into spaces with area not exceeding 7. 2 m2. Blind walls can be made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials, with the exception of thermoplastic cellular plastics. 6. 3. 10 Voids in building roofs with corrugated metal sheeting and heat insulation layer made of Group ?1(G1)-?4(G4) materials shall be filled with Group (NG) materials to 250 mm depth in locations of sheeting junctions with walls, movement joints and skylight frames, as well as from each side of roof ridges and valley. 6. 3. 1 Enclosing structures of passages between buildings shall have fire-resistance limit equal to that of the main building. Pedestrian and utility tunnels shall be made of non-combustible materials. In location of junctions with passages and tunnels, walls shall have fire risk class and fire-resistance limit REI 45. Doors installed in openings of such walls and leading into passages and tunnels shall be Type 2 fire-rated doors. 6. 3. 12 Staircase doors lead ing into common corridors, lift hall doors and lockable lobby doors shall be provided with door closers and rabbet seals and shall not have locks that prevent door opening without a key. 6. 3. 3 In buildings over 4 storeys high, toughened or reinforced glass or glass blocks shall be used as light-transmitting filling material for doors, transoms (in doors, partitions and walls, including internal walls of staircases) and partitions. In buildings with 4 storeys or less, all types of light-transmitting filling materials can be used. In buildings over 4 storeys high, staircase doors leading into common corridors, lift hall doors and lockable lobby doors shall be blind or reinforced glass doors. 6. 3. 14 Sliding partitions made of Group ?1(G1)-?4(G4) materials shall be protected from both sides by Group (NG) materials to provide fire-resistance limit EI 30. 6. 3. 15 Water consumption for internal fire fighting in buildings shall be sufficient for two jets 2. L/sec each, but not less tha n water consumption rates indicated in the current codes and standards. 6. 4 Requirements to design of atria 6. 4. 1 Part of a building that includes atrium and associated premises shall be separated as a fire compartment and equipped with fire protection system. 6. 4. 2 Fire protection system includes: ?) smoke protection system; b) internal fire water main and automatic fire-fighting equipment; c) lifts for fire brigades (provision of lifts for fire brigades in buildings with 6 storeys or less equipped with complete fire protection system package is not compulsory); d) public address and evacuation management system; ) personal and collective protection equipment and rescue means; f) space and layout design and technical solutions ensuring timely evacuation of people and protection of people form hazardous fire impacts; g) controlled fire endurance ratings and fire risk of structures and finishing materials; h) structural elements that limit fire and smoke propagation (fire barrie rs, fire compartments, etc. ). 6. 4. 3 Elements of fire protection system (FPS) shall be controlled from the central control console that shall allow: to control fire protection systems; to control systems that are not part of the FPS and not associated with ensuring safety in the building in case of fire; coordination of actions of all services responsible for ensuring public safety and fire extinguishing. FPS central control console shall be located in the building close to the main entrance or in the room on the ground or basement floor that has exit directly outside. FPS central control console shall not be located in the engineering services control room. Enclosing structures of the room accommodating the FPS central control console shall have fire-resistance limit EI60 or better. Mini-schematics of the FPS shall be placed on the building front at the main entrance to the FPS control console room. Reliability of power supply to the FPS control console room shall be of Category 1. FPS central control console shall be provided with a telephone hotline connecting it with the nearest fire station. 6. 4. 4 Atrium and all building premises forming a single fire compartment shall be provided with automatic fire fighting and smoke alarm system. In atria more than 17 m high (floor to ceiling inside dimension), sprinklers shall be installed under structures protruding into atrium space (balconies, galleries, etc. ), installation of sprinklers in atrium ceiling is not required. If water curtains are used, instead of fire-rated wall, fire compartment separated by a water curtain from the fire compartment with atrium shall be equipped with FPS. 6. 4. For smoke removal from atrium during a fire, exhaust ventilation system shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. Both natural and forced exhaust ventilation systems can be provided. 6. 4. 6 Rooms and corridors in the underground part of the building can be connected with the atrium only via lockable lobbies pressurised in the case of fire. 6. 4. 7 All premises leading to atrium shall have exits to at least two emergency escape stairs. Distance from doors of the most distant room to entry into a staircase shall be assumed in accordance with Table 6. 1. 6. 4. 8 Enclosing structures of premises and corridors adjoining the atrium shall have fire-resistance limit EI 45 or better, exit doors of these premises leading into atrium, fire-resistance limit EI 30. Glazed partitions and doors with fire-resistance limit EI15 can be used if they are protected by water curtains. 6. 4. 9 Atrium roof structures shall be of fire risk class and have fire-resistance limit REI 30 or better. 6. 4. 10 Atrium internal surfaces shall have finishes made of non-combustible materials. 6. 4. 11 Wood structures which have been treated with flame retardants can be used as roof (including light-transmitting) materials for halls and atria of buildings with height of 28 m or less. Quality of fire-proofing treatment shall ensure that loss of wood mass during tests described in GOST 4686 will not exceed 13 %. Combustible roofing materials shall not be used closer than 4m away from the edge of light-transmitting roof parts. 6. 4. 2 Skylights, when used in smoke removal systems, shall have automatic, remote and manual actuators to open them in case of fire, and shall also have protective mesh underneath if silicate glass is used. Skylights can be made of organic light- transmitting materials that do not form combustible melts when exposed to fire. 6. 4. 13 Windows of premises provided with air conditioning systems can be facing courtyards covered by a light-transmitting roof. Said windows shall have minimum fire-resistance limit E30 or shall be protected by automatic fire extinguishing system arranged over them inside premises. Provision of automatic fire extinguishing systems in double aspect premises (to atrium courtyard and to a street) with access for firemen from fire motor ladders and tower ladders is not mandatory. 7 Safety in use 7. Buildings shall be designed, built and equipped in such a way as to prevent injuries to personnel and visitors moving inside and near the building, entering and existing the building or using building mobile parts and building services. 7. 2 Pitch and width of stairs and ramps, step height, tread width, landing widths, height of passages via stairs, basement, mechanical floor and operated loft, floor level chan ges and dimensions of door openings shall ensure safe movement of people and convenient transportation of equipment for building premises. Guardrails shall be provided where necessary. Use of stairs with different height and depth of steps is not allowed. 7. Guardrails of stairways, balconies, terraces, roofs and in other locations with hazardous level changes shall be sufficient for prevention of falls and have a height of 0. 9 m minimum. Metal guardrail design shall be in accordance with GOST 25772. Guardrails shall be continuous, provided with handrails and designed for loads of 0. 3 kN/m minimum. 7. 4 Special measures shall be taken to prevent risks of criminal practices and their consequences and to minimise possible damage in case of illegal actions. These measures shall be stated in the Technical Design Assignment in accordance with state departmental documents and regulatory legal acts of local authorities. They can include: use of explosion-proof structures, installation of video surveillance cameras and security alarm systems, special layout solutions for crowd control, various barriers, access control stations, strengthening of entry door structures, window protection, protective devices for windows, appropriate equipment of lofts, basements and other premises. 7. 5 Sites of high-security institution buildings shall have fencing with height from the ground level of at least 2. 5 m and foundations buried to a depth of 0. 5 m minimum. At least 3m wide land strip, free from structures, trees and bushes, shall be provided from the inside and outside of the fencing. 7. 6 Vehicle entries to the security protected site shall be provided with automatic rolling gates controlled from duty security guard station and provided with appropriate engineering protection. Premises of security guard station shall allow visual control of the main entrance into the building and, if possible, vehicle access to the site and entrance into the basement floor. 7. 7 Windows of premises on basement, semi-basement and ground floors, as well as windows of other premises that can be accessed from lean-to buildings shall be provided with window grilles of design that both prevents access and conforms to fire prevention requirements. Windows of other premises shall be provided with grilles if required by the Technical Design Assignment. They shall be openable in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. 7. To prevent break-ins and theft of valuables and information stored in special premises and for other purposes stated in the Technical Design Assignment, such premises shall be provided with strengthened enclosing structures and special doors and openings. If required by the Technical Design Assignment, access control systems shall be install ed in IT, communications and other premises. 7. 9 To ensure confidentiality of negotiations, walls and doors of rooms and premises indicated in the Technical Design Assignment shall be soundproofed, double doors shall be provided. 7. 10 Structural design of building elements (including arrangement of hollow spaces, methods of sealing pipeline penetrations through structures, provision of ventilation openings and placement of heat insulation) shall ensure protection from rodent invasion. 7. 1 Buildings services shall be designed and installed taking into account safety requirements contained in relative regulations of state supervision authorities and instructions of equipment manufacturers. In addition to the above: – surface temperature of exposed parts of heating appliances and heating supply pipelines shall not exceed 70 °? if no measures to prevent accidental burns have been taken or 90 °? in other cases; surface temperature of other pipelines shall not exceed 40 °? ; – hot air temperature at the distance of 10cm from outlets of air heating appliances shall not exceed 70 °?; – temperature of hot water in hot water supply system shall not exceed 60 °?. 7. 2 In buildings being constructed in seismic activity regions, apparatus and devices that, if moved, can cause fires or explosions shall be securely fixed. 7. 13 Buildings with 9 or more storeys shall be provided with facilities for fixing electrically driven travelling cradles for safe repairs and facade cleaning. 7. 14 Buildings with 9 or more storeys and flat roofs shall be provided with internal water drains with discharge into external rainwater drainage system or, if the latter is not available, onto ground surface. In this case measures shall be taken to prevent freezing of risers in winter. 7. 15 Premises of built-in saunas shall not be placed on basement floors or adjacent to premises where more than 100 persons can be present. Built-in saunas shall be designed taking into account the following requirements: 1. Volume of steam rooms shall be between 8 m3 and 24 m3, capacity shall not exceed 10 persons. 2. In buildings with fire-resistance ratings I, II, III, sauna premises shall be separated by Type 1 partitions and Type 2 floor structures, in buildings with fire-resistance rating IV, by fire-rated partitions and floor structures fire-resistance limit REI 60 or better. 3. Sauna block shall be provided with isolated escape exit leading outside; exits shall not lead directly into entrance halls, other halls or staircases designed for evacuation of people from the building. 4. Power rating of electric sauna heater shall be suitable for the steam room volume (as per instructions of heater manufacturer) and therefore shall not exceed 15kW. Electric heater shall switch off automatically after 8 hours of continuous operation. 5. Height of steam room shall not be greater than 1. 9m. 6. Distance between electric heater and wall boarding of steam room shall be at least 20cm. 7. Non-combustible heat insulation panel shall be provided directly above the electric heater. Distance between the heat insulation panel and ceiling boarding shall be at least 5cm. 8. Temperature inside the steam room shall be automatically maintained at a level not greater than 110 °?. 9. The steam room shall be provided with natural supply and exhaust ventilation. 10. Steam room boarding shall not be made of resinous wood. 11. Around steam room perimeter, drencher devices shall be installed with controls located next to the steam room entrance. 12. Power supply cables shall have heat resistance protective cover designed for the maximum permissible temperature in the steam room. 13. Electric heater control panel shall be installed in a dry room in front of the steam room. 14. A gap between steam room door and floor shall be at least 30 mm. 15. Sauna changing rooms shall be provided with smoke alarms. 8 Compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements 8. Building design and construction shall include measures established by this document and ensuring compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements to public health and environmental protection. 8. 2 Levels of natural and artificial illumination in building premises shall be in accordance with the requ irements of MSN 2. 04-05. Provision of natural lighting is not mandatory for: premises of basement floors (see Appendix D), conference rooms and lobbies, sports and recreational premises, massage cabinets, dry and steam sauna rooms, car park premises and buffets. Clerestory lighting only can be provided in premises that are allowed to be designed without natural lighting and changing rooms of health centres. In permanently manned premises or premises that shall be protected from sun rays or overheating for process of hygiene reasons, light-transmitting openings with orientation within the range of 130-315 ° shall be provided with sun protection if buildings are to be constructed in areas with average monthly temperature in July of 21 °? and greater. 8. 3 Design of HVAC systems shall be in accordance with the current codes and standards. 8. 4 Microclimate parameters inside premises shall be assumed in accordance with GOST 30494. For winter, optimum parameters shall be assumed as design parameters, for summer, permissible parameters can be assumed as design parameters. 8. 5 For some production and technical premises (workshops, laboratories, stores, printing rooms, etc. ) permissible parameters shall be assumed as design microclimate parameters taking into account the requirements of current codes and standards. 8. 6 Volumes of outside air supply shall be in accordance with Table 8. . Table 8. 1 Premises  Ã‚  | Volume of supplied outside air (at least)| | during working hours(in operating mode)| outside working hours(in standby mode)| Work offices of employees| 20 m3/hr-person (4 m3/hr-m2)| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Offices| 3 m3/hr-m2| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Conference rooms Meeting rooms| 20 m3/hr per person| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Smoking rooms| 10 air changes per hour| 0. 5 air changes per hour| Toilets| 25 and 1hr per one cabin (10 air changes per hour)| 0. 5 hr| Shower rooms| 20 m3/hr per shower head| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Washing rooms| 20 m3/hr| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Store rooms, archives| 0. air changes per hour| 0. 5 air changes per hour| Building maintenance premises: without emissions of noxious substances; containing noxious substances|   Ã‚  3 air changes/hrin accordance with noxious substance assimilation calculations|   Ã‚  0. 2 air changes per hour0. 5 air changes per hour| Notes: 1. Permissible values are given in bracke ts. 2. In work premises and offices without natural ventilation, air supply rate shall be 60 m3/hr per person. | 8. 7 Individual exhaust ventilation systems shall be provided for: – lavatories and smoking rooms; – work premises, offices, etc. ; – premises of public catering enterprises; – protection, technical and storage premises. 8. Air removal from work premises with area less than 35 m2 can be by air flow into a corridor. 8. 9 If requested by the client, Class 3 air conditioning systems can be provided in archives with valuable documents and depositories. 8. 10 Air recirculation inside permanently manned premises is allowed outside working hours only. 8. 11 Premises of 1-3 storey high buildings with design number of employees less than 300 persons can be provided with natural exhaust ventilation systems. 8. 12 Premises that are not equipped with forced supply ventilation systems shall be provided with openable air vents or outside air supply valves pl aced at a height above the floor level of 2m minimum. 8. 3 Common ventilation systems can be provided for all premises, with the exception of conference rooms, premises of public catering enterprises, projection rooms and battery rooms which shall be provided with individual supply ventilation systems. 8. 14 In mockup construction workshops and other premises with possible dust and aerosol emissions, volume of air to be removed via an exhaust cabinet shall be determined depending on air flow speed in the cabinet design opening in accordance with Table 8. 2. Table 8. 2 Maximum permitted concentrations of noxious substances in the work zone, mg/m3| Air flow speed in cabinet design opening, m/s| Greater than 10| 0. 5| From 10 to 0. 1| 0. 7| Less than 0. 1| 1| Note: If work is associated with emissions of dust and aerosols containing Hazard Class 1, 2 and 3 substances, air flow speed in the cabinet design opening shall be assumed as equal to 1. 2-1. 5 m/s, that for explosive substances, as equal to 1 m/s. | 8. 15 Supply air shall be fed directly into the premises with emissions of noxious substances in a volume equal to 90% of air removed by exhaust systems, the remaining amount of air (10%) shall be fed into a corridor of hall. 8. 16 If a refuse chute is provided, it shall be equipped with devices for periodical washing, cleaning, disinfection and sprinkling. Refuse chute shall be airtight and soundproofed and shall not be located adjacent to permanently manned service premises. Refuse collection chamber shall not be located under or adjacent to permanently manned premises. In management institutions, scientific research institutes and research and development organisations with staff amounting to 800 persons or more, as well as in buildings of institutions with high level sanitary and hygiene requirements, a centralised or combined vacuum dust removal system shall be provided. Requirement for centralised or combined vacuum dust removal systems in other buildings shall be established in the Technical Design Assignment. In design of a combined vacuum dust removal system, service area for one receiving valve shall be assumed as equal to 50m maximum. If centralised or combined vacuum dust removal is not provided, a chamber for cleaning vacuum cleaner ilters shall be designed in accordance with the Technical Design Assignment. 8. 17 Lift shafts and machine rooms and other premises containing noisy equipment shall not be placed adjacent to permanently manned work premises and offices. 8. 18 If personal computers are used in work premises, the requirements of current codes and standards shall be taken into account. 8. 19 Materials and finished products used in construction and subject to hygiene assessment in accordance with approved lists of products and goods, shall have hygiene assessment conclusions issued by bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service. 9 Energy conservation 9. Buildings shall be designed and built in such a way as to ensure efficient use of non-renewable energy resources during operation while meeting the established requirements to microclimate in premises. 9. 2 Heat insulation properties of building structures shall be determined in accordance with current codes and standards on the basis of standard factored heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures (it is also allowed to use standard specific heat consumption for building heating and ventilation for the whole heating period). This document stipulates mandatory minimum requirements to heat insulation of buildings. More string ent requirements established by the client can be applied in the design of buildings to ensure more economical use of energy resources. . 3 Ambient air design parameters shall be assumed in accordance with MSN 2. 04-01 and other current codes and standards. Design temperature of indoor air for calculation of heat engineering characteristics and design of enclosing structures shall be assumed as equal to 18  °?. 9. 4 Area of light-transmitting surfaces of enclosing structures shall not exceed 20 % of the total wall area. Area of light-transmitting enclosing structures can be increased up to 30 % if factored heat transfer resistance of such structures exceeds 0. 56 m2 *  °?/W. 9. 5 Building services shall be provided with means for automatic and manual control of air temperature. In case of centralised supply of cold and hot water, electric power, gas and heat when a building houses several groups of premises belonging to different organisations or owners, each group of premises shall be provided with individual electricity and water meters. 9. 6 Each building shall be provided with heat engineering passport containing heat insulation characteristics of structures and power consumption data of the building and its’ equipment. 9. 7 Heat insulation performance and energy efficiency of structures and elements of building services shall be preliminary confirmed by tests. 9. 8 Normally, heat shall be supplied to buildings from a central heat supply station with mandatory installation of a heat meter. 9. 9 Normally, heat for heating, ventilation and hot water supply purposes shall be supplied from the heat supply station via separate pipelines. 9. 0 Heat supply for buildings or individual groups of premises can be provided from centralised, stand-alone or in dividual heat sources in accordance with the current codes and standards. In case of multi-storey buildings, gas fired heat generators shall have enclosed burners and adjustable gas burner devices. 9. 11 Building heating systems shall be fitted with devices that allow to reduce heat flow outside working hours. 9. 12 Hot air and air curtains for the main building entrances shall be provided if design ambient air temperature of the coldest five day period is minus 15  °? (design parameters B) or lower and the number of personnel working in the building exceeds 200. 10 Durability and maintainability 10. Buildings that have been designed and built in accordance with current construction norms shall retain their strength and stability of load-bearing structures for the period stated in the Technical Design Assignment, subject to systematic maintenance and compliance with operation procedures and repair schedule established by operation instructions indicated in Item 4. 17 of this docum ent. 10. 2 In design of building refurbishment, factors that reduce durability shall be taken into account, these are: unexpected impacts associated with changes in operating and environmental conditions and, as a result, changes in physical and mechanical (or chemical) properties of materials of load-bearing and enclosing structures. 10. 3 Main non-repairable building elements that determine strength, stability and service life of the building shall retain their properties within allowable limits taking into account the requirements of GOST 27751 and construction norms for structures made of respective materials. 10. Elements, parts and equipment with service life shorter than service life of the building shall be replaceable in accordance with intervals between repairs indicated in operation instructions taking into account the requirements of the Technical Design Assignment. Decision regarding use of more or less durable elements, materials or equipment due to respective extensio n or reduction of intervals between repairs shall be based on technical and economic calculations. 10. 5 Structures and elements shall be made of materials that are resistant to moisture, very high and low temperatures, corrosive environments and other adverse impacts and protected in accordance with the current codes and standards. If necessary, measures shall be taken to prevent ingress of rain, melt and ground water inside load-bearing and enclosing structures and moisture condensation in external enclosing structures by proper water-proofing of structures or provision of ventilation in closed and air spaces. The required protective formulations and coatings shall be applied in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. 10. 6 Joints of pre-assembled elements and multi-layer structures shall be designed to withstand temperature deformations and forces generated by uneven settlement of soil bases and under other impacts during operation. Sealing and weatherproofing materials used in joints shall retain their elastic and adhesive properties when exposed to sub-zero temperatures, wetting and ultraviolet rays. Weatherproofing materials shall be compatible with materials of protective and decorative facings of structures in joint locations. 10. 7 Equipment, valves and devices of building services, as well as their connections shall be provided with access for inspection, maintenance, repairs and replacement as necessary. Equipment and pipelines sensitive to low temperatures shall be provided with appropriated protection. 10. 8 In case of construction of buildings in areas with complex geology conditions, in seismically active areas, in areas with soil undermining, subsidence and other soil deformations, including frost heaving, entries of utility lines into buildings shall be made taking into account the necessary compensation of possible soil base movements. Equipment and pipelines shall be fixed to building structures in such a way as to ensure that their operability is not impaired in case of possible movements of structures. Appendix ? (Mandatory) References MSN 1. 01-01-96| System of interstate codes and standards on construction. | MSN 2. 02-01-97| Fire safety of buildings and structures. | MSN 2. 02-05-2000| Car parks. | MSN 2. 04-01-98| Construction climatology. | MSN 2. 04-05-95| Natural and artificial lighting. | GOST 12. 1. 033-81| Occupational Safety Standards System. Fire safety. Terms and definitions| GOST 16363-98| Wood-protecting preparations. Method for determination of fire-proofing properties. GOST 25772-83| Steel guardrails of stairways, balconies, and roofs. | GOST 30494-96| Reliability of construction structures and bases. Basic provisions on calculations. | GOST 27751-88| Residential and public buildings. Indoor environmental conditions. | Note: In the case of abolition of codes and standards referenced herein, the documents effected to replace the abolished documents shall be used. | Appendix B (Mandatory) Terms and definitions Atrium is a large several stories high space located within a building, with galleries on each floor where door and light openings of different purpose premises adjoining the galleries are leading into. Lift hall is a hall in front of a lift entry. Loggia is a feature that, horizontally, has enclosing structures on three sides and is open to the air on one side, with depth restricted by natural illumination requirements of the adjoining internal premises of the building. Attic window is a window that protrudes from a sloping roof surface. Lobby is space between doors providing protection from ingress of cold air, smoke and smells at entrances to buildings, staircases or premises. Loft is a space between roof (external wall) structures and the ceiling structure of the top storey. Attic floor (attic) is a floor of loft space with facade fully or partially formed by slanted or gambrel roof surface(s), with with line of crossing of roof and facade plane not higher than 1. 5 m from the attic floor level. Above-ground floor is a storey with a floor level not lower than the ground reference level. Basement floor a storey with a floor level lower than the ground reference level by more than half the height of the premises. Mechanical floor is a storey that is dedicated to service equipment and utilities. Can be located in the lower part (basement mechanical floor), upper part (loft mechanical floor) or middle part of a building. Semi-basement floor is a storey with a floor level lower than the ground reference level by half the height of the room maximum. Appendix C (Mandatory) Rules for calculating the total area of buildings, area of premises, total structural volume, footprint area and number of building floors during design Total area of the building shall be determined as a sum of floor areas measured within the limits of internal finished surfaces of external walls at the floor level (not taking into account skirting boards) plus area of mezzanines, passages leading to other build ings, loggias, terraces, galleries and balconies. Area of spaces that are several stories high (atria), internal staircases, lift and other shafts shall be included in the total area within the limits of one floor only. Area of attic floor shall be measured within the boundaries of external wall internal surfaces and attic walls adjacent to loft spaces. Areas of underground spaces (including basement mechanical floor) having a height to bottom of structures less than 1. 8 m and underground spaces designed for building ventilation, unused lofts, loft mechanical floor with height from floor level to bottom of protruding structures less than 1. m, lockable lobbies of staircases, porticoes, porches, external open ramps and stairs and intermediate landings of internal stairs shall not be included in the total area. 2 Areas of building premises shall be determined on the basis of their dimensions measured between finished wall and partition surfaces at the floor level (skirting boards sha ll not be taken into account). Area of attic floor premises shall be calculated with application of reduction factor of 0. 7 within the sloping ceiling (wall) area up to 1. 5m when the slope is 30 °, up to 1. 1m when the slope is 45 ° and up to 0. 5m when the slope is 60 ° or greater. 3 The total structural volume of buildings shall be determined as a sum of structural volume above the level of  ± 0. 00 (above-ground part) and below this level (underground part). The total structural volume of building above-ground and underground part shall be determined within bounding surfaces, enclosing structures, skylights, domes, etc. starting from the clear floor level of each part of the building, whereas protruding architectural and structural elements, basement channels, porticoes, terraces, balconies, driveways and spaces under buildings installed on supports (clear spaces) and basements under buildings shall not be taken into account. 4 Building footprint area shall be determined as area of horizontal section along building external contour at plinth wall level, including protruding elements. Footprint area of buildings installed on posts and driveways under buildings shall be included. During determination of a number of building storeys, all above-ground storeys shall be counted, including mechanical and attic floors, as well as semi-basement floor with top of ceiling structure higher than the grade level by at least 2m. Basement under the buil ding, regardless of its’ height, shall not be included in the number of above-ground storeys. If the number of storeys in different part of the building is not equal or if the building is built on a site with a slope that results in increase of the number of storeys, the number of storeys shall be determined for each part of the building separately. If the number of storeys is being determined to calculate the required number of lifts or floor area within a fire compartment in accordance with Table 6. 4, mechanical floor located above the top floor shall not be taken into account. Appendix D (Mandatory)